Sunday, August 22, 2010

本體覺與人體的關連

所謂「本體覺」,簡單的說,是運用及整合來自肌肉、關節、骨骼等較為深層組織的感覺,訊息經由上述深層組織等受器傳到大腦,再經由人腦解釋,讓我們能知道身體各部位的相對位置及姿勢。本體覺可以幫助孩子進行模仿、執行、協調肢體動作等活動,藉由使用本體覺,孩子得以學習構音、表達需求、人際溝通,依照順序、遊刃有餘的解開衣服扣子、穿脫衣褲、拆卸與組合玩具等基本能力。本體覺的運動也與四肢發達及頭腦靈活度有關,諸如俯臥、翻身、爬行、走路、跑步、跳躍、攀登等動作能刺激人的大腦皮層,增進神經網路的連結與傳遞,並能提升大腦涵氧量、活化腦神經細胞。而上述的本體覺處理能力,可以使孩子在探索過程中,學習控制肢體或動作的前後順序、力道輕重、速度快慢,及建立自我身體形象概念。因此,日常的身體伸展不但可強化幼兒對控制肢體動作的能力,還有助於紓解情緒。而本體覺與其他感覺系統的統合,能整合頭腦與身體間的互動機能,如感覺統合會活化腦幹,蠕爬能增進橋腦與中腦控制語言構音的機能,協調動作則活絡間腦,翻滾促進小腦的平衡功能。本體覺缺乏易行為笨拙、動作慢本體覺具有抑制神經興奮的作用,因此具有穩定情緒及調節警醒度(即一般精神狀態)的功能。此外,本體覺的處理能力會協助孩子在探索過程中,控制肢體或動作的前後順序、力道大小、速度快慢,不但對控制自己的動作有信心,並且據此發展出適當的自信心或是自尊心,因此本體覺會影響孩子可以對所處的物理環境、人際互動協調產生信心,也會對高度平穩的情緒扮演舉足輕重的影響。有鑑於此,當孩子出現本體覺的相關問題時,其行為就會顯得較笨拙、易分心、不靈巧,容易被誤認為是動作慢吞吞、粗手粗腳、故意破壞、有意搗蛋,在力道的使用,不是過度用力,就是力道太清,平時最常見的情況就是容易玩壞玩具、撞倒人,且對於個人空間的預測及判斷容易失誤,進而影響人際社會的互動。當然這樣的孩子在從事握筆著色、寫字等活動也將會是一件苦不堪言的差事,不但會有速度慢、容易累的情形,大一點的孩子甚至連一鼓作氣完成作業的能力都有問題。同時,家長們也會發現,有這類問題的孩子喜歡從事偏靜態的活動,例如閱讀、自己玩、天馬行空的思考、高談闊論等,卻容易有眼高手低、說得比實際做得好的特質,這是因為他們的觸知覺反應較差,經常會依賴視覺線索,認知策略去執行簡單的活動的緣故。除此之外,許多孩子也會有感覺尋求的問題,也就是想要藉由額外的感覺回饋,得以獲得身體空間中姿勢的訊息,或反映出孩子有較低警醒度的情形。如果孩子有上述異常、不符合社會規範或時機不適宜時,應尋求職能治療師幫忙,尤其是孩子出現任性或具破壞行為的產生,常容易有被誤解的情形時。本體覺發展過程感覺系統在當寶寶還是胚胎時,已開始發展,當感覺系統發展時,即是寶寶學習的開始。當寶寶還是胎兒時,懷孕的媽咪可透過下列方式,幫助寶寶發展:坐久了起來走一走、做些簡單的運動、散步、聽音樂或透過肚皮摸摸孩子,不僅對孩子有幫助,對於孕婦亦有益處,等寶寶出生後,則可藉由觀察孩子的發展,適時給予啟蒙。新生兒時期當俯臥時,會轉動頭部;仰臥時,則會揮舞四肢亂動,並出現吸吮、踏步、擁抱及抓握等反射動作。此時已經有與生俱來的反射動作,這些反射動作有些會持續一輩子,有些則會在1歲前消失,因此,照顧者需加強其神經反射的發展及整合,將天生非自主性的反射動作,導引成自主性的運動能力。此時期父母可拿些長形玩具或小布偶讓寶寶練習抓握、放開。1.讓寶寶仰躺,並溫柔地將他的身體翻轉至兩側,也可以平順地將他高舉、放下。2.握住寶寶的雙腳,練習做踩腳踏車的動作。3.將寶寶抱在懷中輕柔地從一側搖到另一側,或是進一步抱著寶寶緩慢地向右或向左旋轉1~2圈。1~3個月如果被抱著,孩子會自行調整身體姿勢,直至舒服的位置。若直立抱起他,可發現他的頭能抬起支撐約10幾秒,仰躺時則會揮動雙臂;俯臥時可以抬頭45度。可以俯趴抬頭維持90度數分鐘,此時就算處於側身狀態,也能自行緩慢地恢復成仰躺姿勢;且仰躺時雙手還會在胸前做接觸。此外,開始學習翻身,抓握反射現象消失,雙手會張開不再緊握,甚至會揮動雙手來操弄玩具,也會伸手抓東西放入嘴中,且抱著他坐起時,頭部也較固定,不再東倒西歪。此時期父母可拉著寶寶雙手或雙腳作彎曲、伸展、分開、併攏、上下擺動的遊戲。1.當寶寶清醒時,盡量讓他俯趴著;有助他的頸部、肩膀、背部、腰腹、臀部等處的肌肉關節充份運動,且能幫助眼球追視、抓握能力發展。2.扶著寶寶的腋下讓他站立數秒,或是向左右前後傾斜15~30度,或試著使他向前走幾步移動;藉此促進孩子的本體、前庭覺的發展,強化寶寶的肌肉張力以及踏步反射動作。4~6個月寶寶從仰臥拉起,他的頭頸部已經不會後仰傾斜,可以固定;且手腕有旋轉的動作,可移動物品及抓東西,開始學習自主性的抓握物品;會以雙臂支撐把胸部抬離地面。會翻身、頸部有力;且會用手指和手掌抓取看到的東西。能雙手同時各握一物品互相敲擊;若用腹部貼地,會將頭、胸及四肢皆上揚離地抬起,做出如同飛機起飛時的姿勢;並用手抓東西吃。此時期父母可讓寶寶仰躺,拉起他一邊的手,幫助他翻滾成俯趴的姿勢;或是一手撐住寶寶的大腿,另一手扶他的腰,將寶寶的身體翻轉過來。1....

Friday, August 20, 2010

What is Sensory Processing Disorder?

Recently I have seen a rise in the number of articles, Facebook posts, and even tweets claiming to define what Sensory Processing Disorder is. This should be good news, and it is -- mostly. But, some of them are full of misinformation. Although I am thankful that anyone wants to help spread awareness, it frustrates me personally that these people could very well be doing more harm than good. I have dedicated such a large portion of my life to spreading awareness that will hopefully benefit kids like mine all over our country and arguably the...

Thursday, August 19, 2010

Why teenagers find learning a drag

19 March 2010 by Jessica HamzelouBeing a teenager can be a drag. As if dealing with peer pressure and raging hormones weren't hard enough, your ability to learn new things is also reduced. Now the brain molecules behind this learning deficit have been identified in mice - and blocked.When children hit puberty, their ability to learn a second language drops, they find it harder to learn their way around a new location and they are worse at detecting errors in cognitive tests.Why is this? Sheryl Smith and her colleagues at the State University of...

Wednesday, August 18, 2010

7 Easy Ways to Help a Family Diagnosed With Autism

We've all heard the news: one in 91 children are now being diagnosed with autism in the United States alone. This is staggering. Today, almost everyone knows someone with autism. And yet, with all the talk about cures, causes and concerns, there is rarely any information on how we can support a family with this diagnosis. All too often, because folks don't know what to do, they do nothing! Even to the extent of avoiding the family out of fear, or just out of not knowing what to do or say. In this post, I hope to show how simple acts of...

Family: Making a difference to dyslexics

Qaisra Nazeer Dhillon’s passion to better the lot of children deemed lazy and stupid is admirable, writes MEENA SREENIVASAN QAISRA Nazeer Dhillon, a specialist teacher attached to Dyslexia Action United Kingdom, is one determined woman when it comes to advocating a better understanding of dyslexia in Malaysia. Being a parent and teacher herself, her heart reaches out not only to children and students who are dyslexic but also to parents who are faced with the dilemma of not having a proper support system to help their children affected by...

Friday, August 6, 2010

Misleading Symptoms Of Dyslexia

Dyslexia can also have some misleading symptoms that when manifested seems to be not a condition at all. Sometimes, this kind of symptoms seems like just incidences of carelessness. However, if they happen too often, it is something that you shouldn’t overlook. So here are some of the misleading symptoms that dyslexia has. Reluctance In WritingWhen a person is reluctant in writing things down, this can sometimes be thought of as simple laziness. However, unknown to many, a simple trait like this can already be one manifestation of dyslexia....

Math Under Stress - The Working Memory Key

We've all had it happen; you're sitting in class, hopelessly unprepared because you've been writing a D&D campaign or plotting ways to take over the world when, out of nowhere, the teacher calls upon you to come to the front the room and solve a math problem. In front of everyone. How you respond to that says a lot about you, and 'math anxiety' may be a real phenomenon, according to a new report in Current Directions in Psychological Science. University of Chicago psychologist Sian L. Beilock examines some recent research looking at...

Why Play Is Good For Speech And Language Therapy

By: Steve CownleyPlay Levels Of Social Interaction In Speech And Language TherapyThere are different levels of play used in the assessment of children's speech and language. These levels are used to measure children's play skills. However, there are also play levels of social interaction that can give a general overview of the child's play skills.In general, there are six play levels of social interaction that children go through respectively. Each level becomes more complex than the previous one, and requires more communication and language...

Sleep Problems Common In Kids With ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a behavioral disorder, usually first diagnosed in childhood, that is characterized by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Children with ADHD appear likely to experience sleep problems, according to a report in the April issue of Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. Sleep problems in these children may be associated with poorer child psychosocial quality of life, child daily functioning, caregiver mental health and family functioning. “ADHD is the most common mental health...

Non-Medicinal Treatment For Pre-Schoolers With ADHD

August 20th 2007 11:00 PM Non-medicinal interventions are highly effective in preventing the behavioral and academic problems associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), according to a five-year study led by researchers at Lehigh University’s College of Education. The study, titled “Project Achieve” and funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), was the largest of its kind focusing on children aged 3 to 5 who have shown significant symptoms of ADHD. It also involved researchers from Lehigh Valley Hospital...

Working Memory, Attention, and Executive Function: Critical Factors for Success in Math

The recent interest in how brain function affects learning has brought into focus the role of working memory, attention and executive function. These three cognitive functions are interwoven in a complex system of neural networks, and they are crucial to the learning process. Strong working memory results in functional attention networks and good executive function,...

Under-Achieving Kids: Low Intelligence Or Poor Working Memory?

Children who under-achieve at school may just have poor working memory rather than low intelligence according to researchers who have produced the world's first tool to assess memory capacity in the classroom. The researchers from Durham University, who surveyed over three thousand children, found that ten per cent of school children across all age ranges suffer from poor working memory seriously affecting their learning. Nationally, this equates to almost half a million children in primary education alone being affected. However, the researchers...

Thursday, August 5, 2010

Grandparents Can Help Recognize Autism in Children

By Nancy Shute Posted: April 9, 2010Grandparents are often the first to realize that a young grandchild has autism, but they often hesitate to say something to the child's parents, which can delay the best available treatment for autism: early intervention. That's the news from a first-ever survey of grandparents of children with autism, conducted by the Interactive Autism Project (IAN), the largest online autism research registry in the world. More than 2,600 grandparents responded to the online survey, which was sponsored by...

Growing up with autism Brothers and sisters of children with autism: Learn early to cope with differences

April 21, 2010|By Joe Burris and Rob Kasper, The Baltimore SunDuring a recent first-grade class session at the McDonogh School in Baltimore, 7-year-old Aidan Wade gave an impromptu discussion on what it's like to have a sibling with autism."My brother Conor is 11, but his brain thinks he's 5," said the Baltimore boy. "He acts kind of different, but that's OK."Aidan's words reflect a broad spectrum of attitudes that one might find in siblings of children with autism, a complex set of developmental brain disorders. How a sibling reacts is often...

What Every Parent Should Know About Their Baby’s Developing Brain (Part 1)

August 4, 2010 by Martha Burns, Ph.D So here you are! In front of you is a newborn, a tiny miracle; a little person that you and your loved one created. This little person looks a little like your aunt Ruth, your father, and you. You have never experienced anything like the love and affection you feel for this little person and you want to guide...

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